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  The faculty hiring season for the new academic year has just come to an end, as we prepare for the fall semester. After many cycles of opening and closing semesters, and after watching people step up to and step down from university lecterns, I have gradually come to recognize something interesting: people can stand in the same classroom, teach the same subject, and even use the same textbook, yet they may not be talking to their students about the same thing called “knowledge.” The difference does not simply lie in the degree hanging on the wall, the title on a business card, or the number of years of experience listed on a résumé. It lies deeper—in the way a person develops understanding, draws upon experience, engages with theory, and ultimately questions what they themselves already know. If we look at education from this perspective, I often see three approaches to knowledge emerging from the lectern. They are not three fixed types of people, nor are they three steps on a...

Just released, season two of the One Hundred Years of Solitude series on Netflix demonstrates an increasingly confident effort to adapt Gabriel García Márquez's classic novel. While the first season primarily introduced viewers to the mythical world of the Buendía family and the town of Macondo, the second season significantly broadens the story's scope. Macondo is no longer a relatively isolated community; instead, it begins to be swept up in economic and political forces far beyond its residents' control. Railroads arrive, the banana company expands its operations, labor is organized under new logic, and alongside these changes comes a social order increasingly influenced by external capital. What is notable is that the film does not turn this process into a simple narrative about "progress" or "invasion." The railroad serves both as a symbol of modernization and as a doorway through which new power relations enter Macondo. The banana company brings c...